UPSC Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude — GS Paper 4
What is GS Paper 4?
GS Paper 4 tests moral reasoning, not factual recall. It carries 250 marks with two sections:
•Section A: Theory (ethics, integrity, aptitude) — approximately 125 marks
•Section B: Case Studies — approximately 125 marks
Core Concepts
Ethics Theories
Consequentialism
Results matter -- greatest good for greatest number (Mill, Utilitarianism)
Deontology
Duty-based -- moral rules regardless of consequences (Kant, Categorical Imperative)
Virtue Ethics
Character-based -- what a virtuous person would do (Aristotle)
•Consequentialism: Results matter — greatest good for greatest number (Mill, Utilitarianism)
•Deontology: Duty-based — moral rules regardless of consequences (Kant, Categorical Imperative)
•Virtue Ethics: Character-based — what a virtuous person would do (Aristotle)
Integrity in Public Service
•Probity: Uprightness and honesty in official dealings
•Objectivity: Decisions based on merit, not personal interest
•Accountability: Responsible to the public and superior authority
•Transparency: Open decision-making processes
•Non-partisanship: Free from political bias
Emotional Intelligence
Four components: Self-awareness, Self-management, Social awareness, Relationship management.
Case Study Answer Format
Identify Issues
All ethical issues and conflicts
List Stakeholders
How each is affected
Present Options
3-4 options with pros and cons
Choose + Justify
Best course of action, ethical justification
Address Consequences
Short-term and long-term
1.Identify all ethical issues and conflicts
2.List stakeholders and how each is affected
3.Present 3-4 options with pros and cons
4.Choose best course of action with ethical justification
5.Address short-term and long-term consequences
Key Thinkers
| Thinker | Key Concept |
|---|
|---------|------------|
| Kant | Categorical Imperative — moral duty |
|---|---|
| Mill | Utilitarianism — greatest good |
| Aristotle | Virtue ethics — golden mean |
| Gandhi | Satyagraha, Trusteeship |
| Ambedkar | Constitutional morality |
| Rawls | Justice as fairness, veil of ignorance |
| Goleman | Emotional Intelligence |