First Aid — Fundamentals
DRSABCD — Emergency Protocol
D — Danger: Check scene is safe for you and patient
R — Response: Is the person conscious? Tap shoulders, shout
S — Send for help: Call 112 (India emergency) or 108 (ambulance)
A — Airway: Open airway (tilt head, lift chin for unconscious adult)
B — Breathing: Look, listen, feel for 10 seconds
C — CPR: If not breathing normally, start CPR
D — Defibrillator: Use AED if available
CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)
Adult CPR:
1. Call 108/112 immediately
2. Place heel of hand on center of chest (lower half of sternum)
3. Interlace fingers, keep arms straight
4. Compress 5-6 cm deep, 100-120 times per minute
(tempo: "Stayin' Alive" song)
5. Rescue breaths (if trained): 30 compressions : 2 breaths
Tilt head, lift chin, pinch nose, breathe for 1 second
6. Continue until: patient breathes, help arrives, AED available
For untrained: Hands-only CPR (no rescue breaths) is still effective
Children (1-8 years): Use 2 fingers or one hand, compress 1/3 chest depth
Infants (<1 year): 2 finger tips, chest compressions only
Common Emergencies
Choking (Conscious adult):
5 back blows: heel of hand between shoulder blades
5 abdominal thrusts (Heimlich): fist above navel, pull up and in
Alternate until object dislodged or person unconscious
Burns:
Cool with running water for 20 minutes (not ice!)
Do NOT use toothpaste, butter, or home remedies
Cover loosely with clean wrap
Seek medical help for large/deep burns or burns to face/hands
Bleeding:
Apply direct pressure with clean cloth
Maintain pressure (don't keep lifting to check)
Elevate limb above heart level if possible
Tourniquets: only for life-threatening limb bleeding
Fractures:
Do NOT straighten the limb
Immobilize with splint (board, cardboard, newspaper) + bandage
Ice pack (wrapped) for swelling
Seek medical help
Seizures:
Stay calm — most seizures end naturally in 1-2 min
Do NOT restrain the person
Clear area of hazards, cushion head
Turn to recovery position when movements stop
Call 108 if: first seizure, lasts >5 min, doesn't regain consciousness