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First Aid & EmergencyFundamentals

Core concepts and foundational knowledge

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Written by senior engineers. Reviewed for technical accuracy.· Updated 2025 · SynfraCore First Aid & Emergency Team
Expert Content

First Aid — Fundamentals

DRSABCD — Emergency Protocol

D — Danger: Check scene is safe for you and patient
R — Response: Is the person conscious? Tap shoulders, shout
S — Send for help: Call 112 (India emergency) or 108 (ambulance)
A — Airway: Open airway (tilt head, lift chin for unconscious adult)
B — Breathing: Look, listen, feel for 10 seconds
C — CPR: If not breathing normally, start CPR
D — Defibrillator: Use AED if available

CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)

Adult CPR:
  1. Call 108/112 immediately
  2. Place heel of hand on center of chest (lower half of sternum)
  3. Interlace fingers, keep arms straight
  4. Compress 5-6 cm deep, 100-120 times per minute
     (tempo: "Stayin' Alive" song)
  5. Rescue breaths (if trained): 30 compressions : 2 breaths
     Tilt head, lift chin, pinch nose, breathe for 1 second
  6. Continue until: patient breathes, help arrives, AED available
  
For untrained: Hands-only CPR (no rescue breaths) is still effective
Children (1-8 years): Use 2 fingers or one hand, compress 1/3 chest depth
Infants (<1 year): 2 finger tips, chest compressions only

Common Emergencies

Choking (Conscious adult):
  5 back blows: heel of hand between shoulder blades
  5 abdominal thrusts (Heimlich): fist above navel, pull up and in
  Alternate until object dislodged or person unconscious
  
Burns:
  Cool with running water for 20 minutes (not ice!)
  Do NOT use toothpaste, butter, or home remedies
  Cover loosely with clean wrap
  Seek medical help for large/deep burns or burns to face/hands

Bleeding:
  Apply direct pressure with clean cloth
  Maintain pressure (don't keep lifting to check)
  Elevate limb above heart level if possible
  Tourniquets: only for life-threatening limb bleeding

Fractures:
  Do NOT straighten the limb
  Immobilize with splint (board, cardboard, newspaper) + bandage
  Ice pack (wrapped) for swelling
  Seek medical help

Seizures:
  Stay calm — most seizures end naturally in 1-2 min
  Do NOT restrain the person
  Clear area of hazards, cushion head
  Turn to recovery position when movements stop
  Call 108 if: first seizure, lasts >5 min, doesn't regain consciousness
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