IMPORTANT NAME REACTIONS:

ALDEHYDE/KETONE REACTIONS:
  Aldol condensation: two aldehydes/ketones → β-hydroxy aldehyde/ketone (base)
  Cannizzaro: aldehyde with no α-H → disproportionation (acid + alcohol)
  Clemmensen reduction: C=O → CH₂ (Zn-Hg/HCl) — acidic conditions
  Wolff-Kishner reduction: C=O → CH₂ (NH₂NH₂/KOH) — basic conditions

CARBOXYLIC ACID:
  Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky: α-halogenation using P and X₂ (red P + Br₂)
  Koch reaction: alkene + CO + H₂O → carboxylic acid (H⁺)
  Kolbe reaction: sodium carboxylate + electrolysis → alkane (coupling)

AROMATIC REACTIONS:
  Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) — need catalyst for most:
    Nitration: conc HNO₃ + conc H₂SO₄ → NO₂ group
    Halogenation: X₂ + Lewis acid (FeBr₃, AlCl₃) → X group
    Sulfonation: SO₃/H₂SO₄ (fuming) → SO₃H group (reversible)
    Friedel-Crafts alkylation: RX + AlCl₃ → R group (rearrangement possible)
    Friedel-Crafts acylation: RCOCl + AlCl₃ → COR group (no rearrangement)
  
  Directing effects:
    o,p directors (activate): -OH, -OR, -NH₂, -NHR, alkyl groups
    m directors (deactivate): -NO₂, -CHO, -COOH, -CN, -SO₃H

AMINES:
  Gabriel synthesis: phthalimide + RX → primary amine (no 2° or 3°)
  Hofmann bromamide degradation: RCONH₂ + Br₂ + KOH → RNH₂ (one C lost)
  Sandmeyer reaction: ArN₂⁺ → ArX (X = Cl, Br, CN) using CuX
  Balz-Schiemann: ArN₂⁺BF₄⁻ → ArF + BF₃ + N₂

REDUCTION REAGENTS:
  LiAlH₄ (LAH): reduces aldehydes, ketones, esters, acids, amides, nitro
  NaBH₄: reduces aldehydes and ketones ONLY (milder, won't touch esters)
  H₂/Pd or Pt: hydrogenation of C=C, C≡C, also reduces nitro to amine

IUPAC NAMING:
  Order: anionic ligands → neutral ligands → cation name
  Ligand names: Cl⁻=chlorido, NO₂⁻=nitrito-N, NH₃=ammine, H₂O=aqua
  
  [Co(NH₃)₄Cl₂]Cl: tetraammineichloridocobalt(III) chloride
  [Pt(en)₂]²⁺: bis(ethylenediamine)platinum(II)

ISOMERS:
  Structural: ionisation (AgNO₃ test), linkage (ambidentate ligand)
            hydrate, coordination position
  Stereo: geometric (cis-trans, fac-mer) | optical (non-superimposable mirror images)
  
  Square planar: cis-trans possible (MA₂B₂, MABC₂)
  Octahedral: cis-trans, fac-mer, optical isomers

VALENCE BOND THEORY (VBT):
  Hybridisation determines geometry
  Inner orbital complex: uses (n-1)d orbitals, low spin, diamagnetic (if paired)
  Outer orbital complex: uses nd orbitals, high spin, paramagnetic (if unpaired)

CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY (CFT):
  Strong field ligands (CO, CN⁻, NO₂⁻): large Δ → low spin
  Weak field ligands (I⁻, Br⁻, Cl⁻, F⁻, OH⁻): small Δ → high spin
  Spectrochemical series: I⁻ < Br⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ < H₂O < en < CN⁻ < CO