ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (13%):
  Linear Algebra, Calculus, Differential Equations
  Complex Analysis, Probability and Statistics

NETWORK THEORY (5%):
  KCL, KVL, mesh/node analysis, Thevenin/Norton
  Laplace transforms, transfer functions, frequency response

ELECTRONIC DEVICES (5%):
  PN junction, BJT, MOSFET, diodes
  Biasing, small-signal models, op-amps

ANALOG CIRCUITS (8%):
  Amplifiers (BJT, MOSFET), feedback, oscillators
  Filters, signal generators, power amplifiers

DIGITAL CIRCUITS (6%):
  Boolean algebra, combinational logic, sequential logic
  ADC/DAC, memory devices, microprocessors

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS (10%):
  LTI systems, convolution, Fourier/Laplace/Z-transforms
  Sampling theorem, DTFT, DFT, FFT

CONTROL SYSTEMS (8%):
  Open/closed loop, transfer functions, block diagrams
  Bode plots, Nyquist criterion, root locus, PID controllers

COMMUNICATIONS (12%):
  AM, FM modulation, noise, bandwidth
  Digital modulation: ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM
  Information theory, Shannon capacity

ELECTROMAGNETICS (10%):
  Maxwell equations, wave propagation, transmission lines
  Antennas, waveguides, microwave circuits

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION (4%):
  Instruction set, pipelining, memory hierarchy

GATE ECE: 100 marks | 65 questions | 3hr | Signals+Comms = 22% = most weightage
FOURIER TRANSFORM: frequency domain analysis | convolution in time = multiply in freq
SAMPLING: Nyquist rate = 2 × maximum frequency | aliasing if undersampled
CONTROL: Bode plot gain/phase margins | root locus | Routh-Hurwitz for stability
COMMUNICATIONS: Shannon capacity = B × log2(1 + SNR)