Part III (Articles 12-35) — Enforceable in court (High Court Art. 226, Supreme Court Art. 32)

6 Fundamental Rights:
1. Right to Equality (Art. 14-18): equal protection, no discrimination, abolish untouchability
2. Right to Freedom (Art. 19-22): speech, assembly, movement, residence, profession
   Art. 21: Right to Life (most expansive — privacy, livelihood, education included by SC)
3. Right against Exploitation (Art. 23-24): no forced labour, no child labour (<14 years)
4. Right to Religious Freedom (Art. 25-28): freedom of conscience, religion
5. Cultural & Educational Rights (Art. 29-30): minorities protect culture, establish institutions
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art. 32): 'Heart and Soul' of Constitution (Ambedkar)
   Writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto

Note: Right to Property removed in 1978 (44th Amendment) → now legal right (Art. 300A)

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (Part III):
  Justiciable (enforceable in court)
  Primarily negative (State CANNOT do)
  Individual rights — protect from state action
  Available immediately

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES (Part IV, Art. 36-51):
  Non-justiciable (not enforceable in court, but fundamental to governance)
  Primarily positive (State SHOULD do)
  Social + economic goals — guide state policy
  Require resources to implement
  Examples: UCC, prohibition, equal pay, free legal aid, living wage

CONFLICT: Supreme Court settled in Minerva Mills (1980) — both equally important,
          neither can override the other, must be harmonised

POLITICAL CAUSES:
  Doctrine of Lapse (Dalhousie): annexed states without heirs (Jhansi, Satara, Nagpur)
  Deposition of Nawab of Awadh (Oudh) despite loyalty
  Fear of annexation among princely states

ECONOMIC CAUSES:
  Destruction of Indian handicrafts by British goods
  Ruination of Indian traders by unequal competition
  Excessive land revenue demands → peasant impoverishment

SOCIAL/RELIGIOUS CAUSES:
  Fear of Christian conversion
  Widow Remarriage Act, suppression of sati — seen as interference
  Introduction of Western education

MILITARY CAUSES:
  Greased cartridges (pig and cow fat) — offended both Hindu and Muslim sepoys
  General Service Enlistment Act (crossing seas against Hindu belief)
  Differential pay — Indian sepoys paid less

SIGNIFICANCE: First organised uprising against British rule. Called 'Sepoy Mutiny'
by British, 'First War of Independence' by Indian nationalists (V.D. Savarkar)

ITCZ: Belt near equator where trade winds from northern and southern hemispheres converge
Sun heats equatorial region → warm air rises → low pressure belt

ROLE IN MONSOON:
  In summer: ITCZ shifts north (toward Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea area)
  Differential heating: land heats faster than sea
  Low pressure over subcontinent | High pressure over Indian Ocean
  Moist winds from ocean drawn in → South-West Monsoon

SW Monsoon onset: ~June 1 (Kerala) | Retreats: ~October
NE Monsoon: Oct-Nov, affects Tamil Nadu coast (from Bay of Bengal)

PRELIMS PATTERN: 2 papers | GS Paper 1 (200 marks) | CSAT Paper 2 (200 marks, qualifying 33%)
100 questions GS | 80 questions CSAT | 2 hours each | 1/3 negative marking

HIGH-PRIORITY TOPICS GS Paper 1:
  Polity: Constitution, Parliament, President, Governor, Judiciary, DPSP, FR
  History: Modern India (freedom struggle), Ancient/Medieval (architecture, art)
  Geography: Physical geography, climate, rivers, agriculture
  Economy: Budget, monetary policy, banking, FDI, WTO, schemes
  Environment: Protected areas, biodiversity, climate change, conventions
  Current Affairs: Last 12 months — crucial (30+ questions typically)

STUDY STRATEGY:
  NCERT first (class 6-12 Polity, History, Geography, Economics)
  Then standard references (Laxmikanth for Polity)
  Daily newspaper (The Hindu/Indian Express) for current affairs
  Previous papers (10 years) → identify question patterns
  Mock tests: at least 20-25 full-length mocks