ORGANIZATIONS:
  CMS: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
  TJC: The Joint Commission
  AHRQ: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  CDC: Centers for Disease Control
  FDA: Food and Drug Administration
  OIG: Office of Inspector General
  OCR: Office for Civil Rights (HIPAA enforcement)
  ACHE: American College of Healthcare Executives
  AHA: American Hospital Association
  AMA: American Medical Association

PAYMENT:
  DRG: Diagnosis Related Group (inpatient payment)
  APC: Ambulatory Payment Classification (outpatient)
  RVU: Relative Value Unit (physician payment)
  RBRVS: Resource-Based Relative Value Scale
  IPPS: Inpatient Prospective Payment System
  OPPS: Outpatient Prospective Payment System
  FFS: Fee for Service | ACO: Accountable Care Organization
  MIPS: Merit-based Incentive Payment System
  APM: Alternative Payment Model

QUALITY:
  HEDIS: Health Effectiveness Data and Information Set
  HCAHPS: Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems
  HAC: Hospital-Acquired Condition
  HRRP: Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program
  PSI: Patient Safety Indicator
  RCA: Root Cause Analysis | FMEA: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis

OPERATIONS:
  AR: Accounts Receivable | DNFB: Discharged Not Final Billed
  CMI: Case Mix Index | FTE: Full-Time Equivalent
  LOS: Length of Stay | ALOS: Average Length of Stay
  ADC: Average Daily Census | OT: Occupancy Rate

REVENUE CYCLE:
  Days in AR: < 40 days (excellent < 30 days)
  Clean claim rate: > 95%
  Denial rate: < 5% (excellent < 2%)
  Net collection rate: > 95%
  Cost to collect: < 3% of net revenue

HOSPITAL OPERATIONS:
  Operating margin: 3-5% (nonprofit community hospital)
  Occupancy rate: 75-85% (optimal efficiency)
  ALOS: 4-5 days (national average acute care)
  CMI: compare to peers — higher CMI = more complex patients = more revenue
  Nurse-to-patient ratio: 1:5 med/surg | 1:2 ICU

PHYSICIAN PRACTICE:
  Revenue per physician FTE: $400,000-$800,000 (varies by specialty)
  Collection rate: > 95% of net charges
  Days in AR: < 30 days
  Cost per RVU: benchmark to MGMA survey data

HIPAA: protect PHI | minimum necessary | patient rights | breach = notify in 60 days
EMTALA: screen all ED patients | stabilize before transfer | no patient dumping
Stark: no physician self-referral for DHS without exception
Anti-Kickback: no remuneration for referrals
False Claims Act: $10K-$50K per false claim + treble damages | whistleblower qui tam
OSHA bloodborne pathogen standard: PPE, exposure control plan, training
ACA: individual mandate (tax penalty removed) | insurance market reforms | Medicaid expansion