IUPAC NOMENCLATURE:
  1. Name cationic complex then anionic part (like ionic compounds)
  2. Within complex: anionic ligands first, then neutral, then metal + oxidation state
  
  Common ligands and names:
    Cl⁻ = chlorido | F⁻ = fluorido | CN⁻ = cyanido | OH⁻ = hydroxido
    NH₃ = ammine | H₂O = aqua | CO = carbonyl | NO = nitrosyl
    en = ethylenediamine | EDTA⁴⁻ = ethylenediaminetetraacetato
  
  Prefixes: 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5=penta, 6=hexa
  For polydentate: bis, tris, tetrakis (to avoid confusion)
  
  Examples:
    [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃ = hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride
    K₄[Fe(CN)₆] = potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
    [Pt(en)₂Cl₂] = dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)platinum(IV)

BONDING THEORIES:
  Valence Bond Theory (VBT):
    Inner orbital complexes: (n-1)d used → low spin (diamagnetic if all paired)
    Outer orbital complexes: nd used → high spin (paramagnetic)
    [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻: d²sp³ hybridization (inner, diamagnetic) 
    [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺: sp³d² hybridization (outer, paramagnetic)
  
  Crystal Field Theory (CFT):
    Strong field (large Δ): CN⁻, CO → low spin | Weak field (small Δ): F⁻, H₂O → high spin
    Spectrochemical series: I⁻ < Br⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ < H₂O < en < NO₂⁻ < CN⁻ < CO

ISOMERISM:
  Structural: ionization, hydrate, linkage, coordination isomerism
  Stereoisomers: geometric (cis-trans) and optical
  Square planar [MA₂B₂]: cis and trans possible | [MABCD]: 3 geometric isomers
  Octahedral [MA₄B₂]: cis (same side) and trans (opposite) | [MA₃B₃]: fac and mer

CARBOHYDRATES:
  General formula: Cₙ(H₂O)ₙ
  Monosaccharides: glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), fructose, galactose
    Glucose: open chain (CHO-CHOH-...CH₂OH) | α and β forms in ring
  Disaccharides: sucrose (glucose+fructose, non-reducing)
                 maltose (glucose+glucose, reducing) | lactose (glucose+galactose)
  Polysaccharides: starch (amylose+amylopectin) | cellulose | glycogen

PROTEINS:
  Amino acids: H₂N-CHR-COOH | 20 standard amino acids
  Peptide bond: between -COOH and -NH₂ with loss of water
  Protein structure:
    1°: amino acid sequence | 2°: α-helix or β-sheet (H-bonds)
    3°: overall 3D shape | 4°: association of subunits
  Denaturation: disruption of 2°,3°,4° structure (not 1°)

NUCLEIC ACIDS:
  Nucleotide = phosphate + sugar + base
  DNA: deoxyribose sugar | A-T (2 H-bonds), G-C (3 H-bonds)
  RNA: ribose sugar | U instead of T (in RNA, no T)
  Watson-Crick: double helix, anti-parallel, complementary base pairing